Friday, August 16, 2024

The San Antonio Spurs

Photo Credit

1967 – 1973: Beginnings as the Dallas/Texas Chaparrals

The San Antonio Spurs started out as the Dallas Chaparrals of the original version of the American Basketball Association (ABA). Coached by player/coach Cliff Hagan, the Dallas Chaparrals were one of 11 teams to take the floor in the inaugural season of the upstart ABA. The Chaps’ second season was a bit of a disappointment, as the team finished in fourth place with a mediocre 41 – 37 record. In the playoffs, the Chaparrals quickly fell to the New Orleans Buccaneers(1).

The team suffered from poor attendance and general disinterest in Dallas. In fact, during the 1970 – 71 season, the name “Dallas” was dropped in favor of “Texas” and an attempt was made to make the team a regional one, playing games in Fort Worth, at the Tarrant County Convention Center, as well as Lubbock, at the Lubbock Municipal Coliseum, but this proved a failure and the team returned full-time to Dallas in time for the 1971 – 72 season, splitting their games at Moody Coliseum and Dallas Convention Center Arena(2).

1973 – 1976: Moving to San Antonio

While the Chaparrals had been modestly successful on the court, they were sinking financially by their third season. The financial difficulties were largely caused by the ownership group’s refusal to invest much money on the team. After missing the playoffs for the first time in their existence in the 1972 – 73 season, nearly all the owners wanted out. The team decided to sell the team to a different city, and the Chaparrals had to choose between San Antonio and El Paso(3). A group of 35 San Antonio businessmen – led by Angelo Drossos, John Schaefer, and Red McCombs – worked out a “lend-lease” deal with the Dallas ownership group. Drossos and his group would leas the team for three years with an option to purchase. They were allowed to move the team to San Antonio immediately, but would return the team to Dallas if no purchase occurred by 1975.

After the deal was signed, the team was renamed the San Antonio Gunslingers(4). However, before they even played a game, the name was changed to Spurs. The team’s primary colors were changed from the red, white, and blue of the Chaparrals to the now-familiar black, silver and white motif of the Spurs, with the branding taking effect for the 1973 – 74 season(5). In their first game at HemiFair Arena, the Spurs lost to the San Diego Conquistadors despite attracting a crowd of 6,000 fans. A smothering defense was the team’s trademark, as they held opponents to less than 100 points in an ABA-record 49 games. The early Spurs were led by ABA veteran James Silas, and the team grew stronger by acquiring Swen Nater (who would go on to win the Rookie of the Year award) and George Gervin from the Virgina Squires in January. The ABA tried to halt the Gervin deal, claiming it was detrimental to the league; however, a judge ruled in the Spurs’ favor and Gervin made his Spurs debut on February 7th, 1974. The Spurs finished their inaugural season under that banner with a 45 – 39 record, good for third place in the Western Division. In the playoffs, the team was defeated by the Indiana Pacers in seven games in the first round. San Antonio embraced the Spurs with open arms; the Spurs drew 6,303 fans per game, surpassing the Chaparrals’ entire total attendance in only 18 games. Drossos, Schaefer and McCombs knew a runaway hit when they saw it. After only one year, they exercised their option to tear up the lease agreement, buy the franchise outright and keep the team in San Antonio for good(6).

The team quickly made themselves at home at HemisFair Arena, playing to increasingly large and raucous crowds. Despite a respectable 17 – 10 start during the 1974 – 75 season, Coach Tom Nissalke was fired as the team’s ownership became tired of the Spurs’ slow playing style. He was replaced by Bob Bass, who said “It is my belief that you cannot throw a set offense at another professional team for 48 minutes. You’ve got to let them play some schoolyard basketball.” Gervin and Silas took that style to heart, as the Spurs became an exciting fast-break team. The team finished the season with a 51 – 33 record and finished in second place in the West. In the playoffs, the Spurs fell to the Pacers in six games(7).

Even though playoff success would elude the team before the merger, the Spurs had suddenly found themselves among the best teams in the ABA. Moreover, their gaudy attendance figures made them very attractive to the NBA, even though San Antonio, then as now, was a medium-sized market. Although San Antonio proper had over 650,000 people at the time (and has since grown to become the seventh-largest city in the United States), the surrounding suburban and rural areas have never been much larger than the city itself. In June 1976, the ABA-NBA merger took place, moving San Antonio’s sole professional sports franchise into a new league. The Spurs, the Denver Nuggets, the Indiana Pacers and the New York Nets joined the NBA for the 1976 – 77 season. The Spurs and the other three ABA teams added in the merger agreed to pay the owners of two other strong ABA teams that folded instead of joining the NBA. John Y. Brown, Jr., the owner of the Kentucky Colonels, received $3 million, which he used to purchase the NBA’s Buffalo Braves and later the Boston Celtics, after selling star guard Louis Dampier to the Spurs. The owners of the Spirits of St. Louis received a portion of all television profits during their NBA tenure, which amounted to approximately one-seventh of the Spurs’ television profit every year. This agreement placed particular financial pressure on the Spurs and the other surviving former ABA teams(8). In 2014, 38 years after the completion of the merger, the Spirits’ owners reached an agreement with the NBA to end the perpetual payments and take a lump sum of $500 million instead(9).

        vs-spurs.html.

8.     Darren Rovell. Spirit of ABA deal lives on for
        Silna brothers. March 3, 2016.

9.     https://www.businessinsider.com/nba-will-pay-
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Tuesday, August 13, 2024

The Caesar's Superdome

Photo Credit
https://www.stadiumsofprofootball.com/
stadiums/caesars-superdome/

Former Names
1.     Louisiana Superdome (1975 – 2011)
2.     Mercedes-Benz Superdome (2011 – 2021)
Address: 1500 Sugar Bowl Drive
Location: New Orleans, Louisiana
Owner: The Louisiana Stadium and Exposition District
Operator: ASM Global
Capacity: 1.     American Football: 73,208
                        (expandable to 76,468)(1)
                2.     Basketball: 73,432
                3.     Baseball: 76,468
Record Attendance: 78,133 (WrestleMania 34,
                                April 8th, 2018)
Surface: 
1.     Monsanto “Mardi Grass” turf (1975 – 2003)(2)
2.     Field Turf (2003 – 2006)
3.     Sportexe Momentum Turf (2006 – 2009)
4.     UBU Speed Series S5 (2010 – 2016)
5.     Act Global: UBU Speed S5-M Synthetic Turf
        (2017 – 2018)
6.     Turf Nation S5 (2019 – Present)

Construction:

Broke Ground: August 12th, 1971
Opened: August 3rd, 1975
Reopened: September 25th, 2006
Construction Cost: US$134 million (initial)
                              ($759 million in 2023 dollars(3))
Renovations: US$ 193 million (2005 – 06 repairs)
                     ($292 million in 2023 dollars(3))
Architect:
1.     Curtis and Davis Associated(4)
2.     Edward B. Silverstien & Associates(4)
3.     Nolan, Norman & Nolan(4)
Tenants:
1.     New Orleans Saints (NFL) 1975 – Present
2.     Sugar Bowl (NCAA) 1975 – Present
3.     Tulane Green Wave (NCAA) 1975 – 2013
4.     New Orleans Jazz (NBA) 1975 – 1979
5.     New Orleans Pelicans (AA) 1977
6.     New Orleans Breakers (USFL) 1984
7.     New Orleans Night (AFL) 1991 – 1992
8.     New Orleans Bowl (NCAA) 2001 – Present
9.     New Orleans VooDoo (AFL) 2013

Designated on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on January 27th, 2016(5)

The Caesars Superdome (originally Louisiana Superdome and formerly Mercedes-Benz Superdome), commonly known as the Superdome, is a domed multi-purpose stadium located in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana. It is the home of the New Orleans Saints of the NFL.

Plans to build the Superdome were drawn up in 1967 by the New Orleans modernist architectural firm of Curtis and Davis and the building opened as the Louisiana Superdome in 1975. Its steel frame covers a 13-acre expanse and the 273-foot dome is made of a lamellar multi-ringed frame and has a diameter of 680 feet, making it the largest fixed domed structure in the world.(6)

The Superdome has routinely hosted major sporting events; it has hosted seven Super Bowl games (and will host its eighth, Super Bowl LIX in 2025), and five NCAA championships in men’s college basketball, the Sugar Bowl has been played at the Superdome since 1975, which is one of the “New Year’s Six” bowl games of the College Football Playoff (CFP). It also traditionally hosts the Bayou Classic, a rivalry game played between the HBCU’s Southern University and Grambling State University. The Superdome was also the long-time home of the Tulane Green Wave football team of Tulane University until 2014 (when they returned on-campus at Yulzman Stadium), and was the home venue of the New Orleans Jazz of the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1975 until 1979.

In 2005, the Superdome housed thousands of people seeking from Hurricane Katrina. The building suffered extensive damage as a result of the storm, and was closed for many months afterward. The building was fully refurbished and reopened in time for the Saints’ 2006 home opener on September 25th.

Some History
Planning

Local businessman David Dixon (who later founded the United States Football League in the 1980’s­)­ conceived of the Superdome while attempting to convince the NFL to award a franchise to New Orleans. After hosting several exhibition games at Tulane Stadium during typical New Orleans summer thunderstorms, Dixon was told by NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle that the NFL would never expand into New Orleans without a domed stadium. Dixon then won the support of the governor of Louisiana, John McKeithen. When they toured the Astrodome in Houston, Texas in 1966, McKeithen was quoted as saying, “I want one of these, only bigger”, in reference to the Astrodome itself. Bonds were passed for construction of the Superdome on November 8th, 1966, seven days after commissioner Pete Rozelle awarded New Orleans the 25th professional football franchise.

The stadium was conceptualized to be a multifunctional stadium for football, baseball and basketball – with moveable field level stands that would be arranged specifically for each sport and areas with dirt (for the bases and pitchers’ mound) covered with metal plates on the stadium floor (they were covered by the artificial turf during football games) – and there are also meeting rooms that could be rented for many different purposes. Dixon imagined the possibilities of staging simultaneous high school football games side by side and suggested the synthetic be white(7). Blount International of Montgomery, Alabama was chosen to build the stadium.(8)

As the dome was being constructed, various individuals developed eccentric models of the structure: one was of sugar, another consisted of pennies. The so-called “penny model” traveled to Philadelphia Bicentennial ’76 exhibition New Orleanian Norman J. Keintz built the model with 2,697 pennies and donated it to the Superdome Board of Commissioners in April 1974.(9)

It was hoped the stadium would be ready in time for the 1972 NFL season, and the final cost of the facility would come in at $46 million. Instead, due to political delays,(10) construction did not start until August 11th, 1971, and was not finished until August 1975, seven months after Super Bowl IX was scheduled to be played in the stadium. Since the stadium was not finished for the Super Bowl, the game had to be moved to Tulane Stadium, and was played in cold and rainy conditions. Factoring in inflation, construction delays, and the increase in transportation costs caused by the 1973 oil crisis, the final price tag of the stadium skyrocketed to $165 million. Along with the state police, Elward Thomas Brady, Jr., a state representative from Terrebonne Parish and a New Orleans native, conducted an investigation into possible financial irregularities, but the Superdome went forward despite the obstacles.(11)

Early history (1975 – 2004)

The New Orleans Saints opened the 1975 NFL season at the Superdome, losing 21 – 0 to the Cincinnati Bengals in the first regular-season game in the facility. Tulane Stadium, the original home of the Saints, was condemned for destruction on the day the Superdome opened.

The first Super Bowl played in the stadium was Super Bowl XII in January 1978, the first in prime time.(12)

The original artificial turf playing surface in the Superdome was produced and developed by Monsanto (which made the first artificial playing surface for sports, AstroTurf) specifically for the Superdome, was named “Mardi Grass”.(2)

The Superdome replaced the first generation “Mardi Grass” surface to the next-generation FieldTurf surface midway through the 2003 football season on November 16th.

Shelter of last resort during Hurricane Katrina

Photo Credit
https://sites.psu.edu/nealondiscussion/
2018/11/30/new-orleans-and-the-
superdome-post-katrina/

The Superdome was used as a “shelter of last resort” for those in New Orleans unable to evacuate from Hurricane Katrina when it struck on August 29th, 2005. During the storm, a large section of the outer covering was peeled off by high winds. The photo of the damage, in which the concrete underneath was exposed, quickly became an iconic image of Hurricane Katrina. A few days later, the dome was closed until September 25th, 2006.

By August 31st, there had been three deaths in the Superdome two elderly medical patients and a man who is believed to have committed suicide by jumping from the upper-level seats. There were also unconfirmed reports of rape, vandalism, violent assaults, crack dealing/drug abuse, and gang activity inside the Superdome. After a National Guardsman was attacked and shot in the dark by an assailant, the National Guard used barbed wire barricades to separate themselves from the other people in the dome(13). On September 11th, New Orleans Police Superintendent Eddie Compass reported there were “no confirmed reports of any type of sexual assault.”(14)

United States Navy sniper Chris Kyle claimed that during the hurricane, he and another sniper climbed to the top of the dome and killed 30 armed looters during the chaos following the event. This claim has never been independently verified, and there is no evidence of dozens of people being slain by a sniper or gunman, with commentary noting that it would be unlikely that 30 people would have been killed without anyone noticing it or reporting it to the media or the police. Kyle’s story has been reported in a number of publications, including the New Yorker, with Kyle relating the story to the other military personnel.(15)(16)(17)

The Superdome cost $185 million to repair and refurbish. To repair the Superdome, FEMA put up $115 million,(18) the state spent $13 million, the Louisiana Stadium & Exposition District refinanced a bond package to secure $41 million and the NFL contributed $15 million.

After being damaged from the flooding disaster, a new Sportexe MomentumTurf surface was installed for the 2006 season.

During Super Bowl XL on February 5th, 2006, the NFL announced that the Saints would play their home opener on September 24th, 2006 in the Superdome against the Atlanta Falcons. The game was later moved to September 25th.

The reopening of the dome was celebrated with festivities including a free outdoor concert by the Goo Goo Dolls before fans were allowed in, a pre-game performance by U2 and Green Day performing a cover of the Skids’ “The Saints Are Coming”, and a coin toss conducted by then-President George W. Bush. In front of ESPN’s largest-ever audience at that time, the Saints won the game 23 – 3 with 70,003 in attendance, and went on to a successful season, reaching their first ever NFC Championship Game.

2008 – Present
Further Renovations

In 2008, new windows were installed to bring natural light into the building. Later that year, the roof-facing of the Superdome was also remodeled, restoring the roof with a solid white hue. Between 2009 and 2010, the entire outer layer of the stadium, more than 400,000 (37,000 m2) of aluminum siding, was replaced with new aluminum panels and insulation, returning the building to its original champagne bronze colored exterior. An innovative barrier system for drainage was also added, allowing the dome to resemble its original façade.

In addition, escalators were added to the outside of the club rooms. Each suite includes modernized rooms with raised ceilings, leather sofas, and flat-screen TVs, as well as glass brushed aluminum and wood-grain furnishings. A new $600,000 point-of-sale system was also installed, allowing fans to purchase concessions with credit cards throughout the stadium for the first time.

During the summer of 2010, the Superdome installed 111,831 square feet (10,389 m2) of the UBU Speed S5-M synthetic turf system, an Act Global brand. In 2017 Act Global installed a new turf in time for the NFL season. For the 2018, 2019, and 2020 NFL seasons, Turf Nation Inc. located in Dalton, Georgia, have supplied the synthetic turf system for the Superdome. The Superdome has, as of 2017, the largest continuous synthetic turf system in the NFL.

Beginning in 2011, demolition and new construction began to the lower bowl of the stadium, reconfiguring it to increase seating by 3,500, widening the plaza concourse, building two bunker club lounges and adding additional concession stands. Crews tore down the temporary stairs that led from Champions Square to the Dome, and replaced them with permanent steps. Installation of express elevators that take coaches and media from the ground level of the stadium to the press box were also completed. New 7,500-square-foot bunker lounges on each side of the stadium were built. The lounges are equipped with flat-screen TVs, granite counter tops and full-service bars. These state-of-the-art lounges can serve 4,500 fans, whose old plaza seats were upgraded to premium tickets, giving those fans leather chairs with cup holders. The plaza level was extended, closing in space between the concourse and plaza seating, adding new restrooms and concession areas. The renovations also ended the stadium’s ability to convert to a baseball configuration(19). The renovations were completed in late June 2011 in time for the Essence Music Festival.

Naming Rights

Naming rights to the Superdome were sold for the first time in 2011 to automaker Mercedes-Benz, renaming the facility Mercedes-Benz Superdome(20). Mercedes-Benz did not renew the contract,(21) and in July 2021 it was announced that the naming rights would be sold to Caesars Entertainment, under which it was renamed Caesars Superdome.(22)(23)(24)

Statue

On July 27th, 2012, a statue was unveiled at a plaza next to the Superdome. The work, titled Rebirth, depicts one of the most famous players in Saints history – Steve Gleason’s block of a Michael Koenen punt that the Saints recovered for a touchdown early in the first quarter of the team’s first post-Katrina game in the Superdome.(25)

Super Bowl XLVII power failure

The Superdome hosted Super Bowl XLVII on February 3rd, 2013. A partial power failure halted game play for about 34 minutes in the third quarter between the Baltimore Ravens and the San Francisco 49ers. It caused CBS, who was broadcasting the game to lose some of its cameras as well as voiceovers by commentators Jim Nantz and Phil Simms. At no point did the game go off the air, though the game had no audio for about two minutes. While the lights were coming back on, sideline reporter Steve Tasker reported on the outage as a breaking news situation until power was restored enough for play to continue.

On February 8th, 2013, it was reported that a relay device intended to prevent an electrical overload had caused the failure(26). The device was located in an electrical vault owned and operated by Entergy, the electrical utility for the New Orleans area. The vault is approximately one quarter mile away from the Superdome. A subsequent report from an independent auditor confirmed the relay device as the cause(27). The Superdome’s own power system was never compromised.

End zone scoreboards and new lighting

During the 2016 off-season, the smaller videoboards formerly located along the end zone walls above the upper seating bowl were replaced with two large Panasonic HD LED displays that stretch 330 feet wide and 35 feet high that are much easier to see throughout the bowl(28). Other upgrades included a complete upgrade to the Superdome’s interior floodlighting system to an efficient LED system with programmable coloring, light show effects, and instant on-off; in normal mode the stadium will have a more vibrant and naturally pleasing system resembling natural daylight.(29)(30)

Current renovations

In November 2019, phase one plans were approved by the Louisiana Stadium and Exposition District, commonly known as the Superdome Commission, for a $450 million dollar renovation. The renovation, designed by Trahan Architects (founded by Victor F. “Trey” Trahan III, FAIA), will include atriums that will replace the ramp system, improved concourses, and field-level end zone boxes(31). The first phase of work began January 2020(32) and includes installing alternative exits and constructing a large kitchen and food-service area.

2021 roof fire

On September 21st, 2021, thick black smoke was seen rising from the top of the Superdome while renovations and maintenance were underway by workers on the roof. One person was injured in the blaze that initially started when a pressure washer caught fire. Firefighters brought the fire under control within an hour. No structural damage occurred to the building, and future events were not impacted.(33)

Links and References

1.     "The Superdome – An Icon Transformed" (PDF).
       State of Louisiana. Archived from the original
       (PDF) on February 21, 2014. Retrieved
       September 6, 2012.

2.     Jump up to:a b "Louisiana Superdome Articles".
        Football.ballparks.com. Archived from the
        original on January 15, 2012. Retrieved
        December 14, 2011.

3.     Jump up to:a b 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J.
        (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money?
        A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator
        of Money Values  in the Economy of the
        United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF).
        American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799:
        McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in
        Real Money? A Historical Price Index for
        Use as a Deflator  of Money Values in the
        Economy  of the United States (PDF).
        American Antiquarian  Society. 1800–present:
        Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
        "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–".
        Retrieved February 29, 2024.

4.     Jump up to:a b c "Modern Steel Construction"
        (PDF). www.modernsteel.com. Archived from
        the original (PDF) on November 20, 2012.
        Retrieved September 2, 2018.

5.     "Caesars Superdome". National Park
        Service. January 27, 2016.

6.     "MERCEDES-BENZ SUPERDOME FACTS
        & FIGURES" (PDF).

7.     "Louisiana Plans Functional Stadium". The
        New York Times. June 11, 1967. p. 215.

8.     "Air University: Eagle Biography: Winton M.
        "Red" Blount". Au.af.mil. Retrieved
        December 14, 2011.

9.     Louisiana Superdome Newsletter 5:7
        (August 1976) and III:4 (April 15, 1974).

10.   "N.O. Superdome wins approval". Pittsburgh
        Press. UPI. March 5, 1971. p. 32.

11.   "Robert Morris, "Local businessman, former
        legislator dies", April 8, 2007".
        houmatoday.com. Retrieved July 14, 2013.

12.   "Superdome to be site of 1978 Super Bowl".
        Observer-Reporter. (Washington, Pennsylvania).
        Associated Press. March 17, 1976. p. B6.

13.   Scott, Nate (August 24, 2015). "Refuge of last
        resort: Five days inside the Superdome for
        Hurricane Katrina". USA Today. Retrieved
        June 4, 2018. [verification needed]

14.   Younge, Gary (September 5, 2005). "Murder and
        rape - fact or fiction?". The Guardian. London.
        Retrieved June 4, 2018. [verification needed]

15.   De Berry, Jarvis "The 'American Sniper's'
        preposterous post-Katrina New Orleans story 
        The Picawney Times January 20, 2015.

16.   The complicated but unveriable legacy of Chris
        Kyle the deadliest sniper in American history"
        Washington Post. 30 July 2013.

17.   Child, Ben "American Sniper Hero Chris Kyle
        Medal Tally" 27 May 2016. The Guardian.

18.   "Superdome returns with glitz, glamor and
        Monday night football". CBS Sports.
        September 20, 2006. Retrieved August 6, 2009.

19.   "Superdome gets makeover with big games
        ahead". CBS.

20.   Woodyard, Chris (October 4, 2011). "Mercedes-
        Benz buys naming rights to New Orleans' 
        Superdome". USA Today. Retrieved
        October 4, 2011.

21.   Adelson, Jeff (May 19, 2020). "Mercedes-Benz
        declines to renew Superdome rights, opening
        door to new alternative name next year".
        Nola.com. Retrieved September 2, 2020.

22.   Around the NFL staff (July 26, 2021). "Saints'
        home stadium rebranded as Caesars Superdome". 
        NFL.com. NFL Enterprises, LLC. Retrieved
        August 8, 2021.

23.   "New Orleans Saints and Caesars Entertainment
        announce partnership: Stadium rebranded as
        Caesars Superdome". NewOrleansSaints.com
        (Press release). NFL Enterprises, LLC.
        July 26, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021.

24.   McAuley, Anthony (July 26, 2021). "Caesars,
        Saints ink Superdome naming rights deal with
        pledge to bring more big events". The Times-
        Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate.
        Retrieved August 8, 2021.

25.   "Steve Gleason statue unveiled". ESPN.com.
         Associated Press. July 28, 2012. Retrieved
         August 25, 2015.

26.   "Device setting caused SB outage". ESPN.
         Associated Press. Retrieved April 9, 2013.

27.   Thompson, Richard (March 22, 2013). "Super
        Bowl blackout report blames electric relay
        device, cites poor communication". NOLA 
        Media Group. Retrieved April 9, 2013.

28.   Duncan, Jeff (May 27, 2016). "Massive new
        video boards in Superdome almost ready to
        shine". The Times-Picayune. Retrieved
        September 2, 2016.

29.   Trahan, Sabrina (24 August 2016). "Saints
        unveil new high-definition end zone boards,
        other Superdome renovations".
        SportsNOLA.com. Archived from the original
        on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 
        September 2, 2016.

30.   Ames, Don (August 26, 2016). "Superdome
        About To Put On A Show With New Attractions".
        WWL Radio. Archived from the original on
        September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 2,
        2016.

31.   McAuley, Anthony (November 14, 2019). 
        "$450M Superdome renovation renderings
        unveiled after construction plans approved".
        The Advocate Nola.com. Retrieved
        February 11, 2020.

32.   Adelson, Jeff (January 14, 2020). "National
        championship was likely the last time you
        walked some of those Superdome ramps".
        The Advocate Nola.com. Retrieved February
        11, 2020.

33.   Daley, Ken (September 21, 2021). "WATCH:
        Pressure washer caught fire, ignited Superdome
        roof; 1 injured". WAFB.


Photo Credit
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